WPCY qм/xDDм z`ȋ3%ʯ sC"f֏u%NOWmew*h\L6*$Ne>RǸPܑ}8e%verh_;}Q'b4#,s*(Y* poLB ݓ %UWy7M: g p,BRy@€ʧJwKj5*9s@F8ep^U.n*/1oWX~%hK"Xn=ֻmVW]?0162uQ-ŁLWPN EYKGor;ryi5pƮ!D]`7ݶ`PH5ʪlނft~9@=h$I&m&P;l*W^b.WTMD d_,?lI}86P;J !zp9C3goĞyKkU$B %" 0 0z U. 0nD 0t 0j& 0p 0V 0\V 0b 0t 0  0 0 0r2UB 0 0~ 0 0 0lH 0 0< 0 0vZ! 0b! 02# 0j# 0h2% 0& 0j' 0( 0( 0T) 0) 0X* 0* 0\+ 0+ 0`, 0, 0jd- 0v. 0~D/ 0~/ 0~@0 0~0 0<1 0D2 0R3 0J4 0?5 046 06 0R7 07 0^8 08 09 0: 0; 0< 0=U:? 0f? 0RA 0A 0fB 0C 0tD 0RD 0PF 0F 0LG 0dH 0zDJ 0zJ 0z8K 0zK 0z,L 0zL 0z M 0zM 0zN BN D3NN 0O 0=%P 0bP ASPc6QQnQ 0fW#!XN5YU N7Y^ Yw"Y4YY mY\  `*Times New RomanTT'   Excerpts from 2 Jim Todd0Jim Todd .   H<1 4heading 1heading 1&         ??  US     '    H 4heading 2heading 2&    XXXC%2A`ArialTTC          W\  `*Times New RomanTTW'    %2A`ArialTTH 4heading 3heading 3&    XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW'    H 4heading 4heading 4&    XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW'    H 4heading 5heading 5  &&&W\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  H 4heading 6heading 6  &&&W\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  H} 4heading 7heading 7  C%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  H 4heading 8heading 8  C%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  H 4heading 9heading 9  C%2A`ArialTTC          W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  h:Default ParaDefault Paragraph FontXXXW\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTWH! 4Body TextBody Text            L! 6Block TextBlock Text            P! 8Body Text 2Body Text 2            P 8Body Text 3Body Text 3  W\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  \  `*Times New RomanTTh! :Body Text FiBody Text First Indent            <! $1Body Text 2            V! $2Body Text First Indent 2            `! :Body Text InBody Text Indent 2            J $3Body Text Indent 3  W\  `*Times New RomanTTW        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  @$ 0captioncaption            @! 0ClosingClosing            Z! :annotation tannotation text            4! *DateDate            T} :Document MapDocument Map  C%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  T! :endnote textendnote text            \} :envelope addenvelope address  XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  Z} :envelope retenvelope return  C%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  <5T .footerfooter   !        >4X` hp x (#>  V! :footnote texfootnote text            <5T .headerheader   !        >4X` hp x (#>  @! 0index 1index 1            @! 0index 2index 2            @! 0index 3index 3            @! 0index 4index 4            @! 0index 5index 5            @! 0index 6index 6            @! 0index 7index 7            @! 0index 8index 8            @! 0index 9index 9            V :index headinindex heading  C%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  4! *ListList            <! .List 2List 2            <! .List 3List 3            <! .List 4List 4            <! .List 5List 5            PYT 8List BulletList Bullet  8.4 <DL!8        >4X` hp x (#>  VYT :List Bullet List Bullet 2  8.4 <DL!8        >4X` hp x (#>  @YT $4List Bullet 3  8.4` <DL!8        >4X` hp x (#>  @VT $5List Bullet 4  5+ ` <DL!5        >4X` hp x (#>  @VT $6List Bullet 5  5+  <DL!5        >4X` hp x (#>  V! :List ContinuList Continue            D! $7List Continue 2            D! $8List Continue 3            D! $9List Continue 4            F! &10List Continue 5            PYT 8List NumberList Number  8.4 <DL!8        >4X` hp x (#>  VYT :List Number List Number 2  8.4 <DL!8        >4X` hp x (#>  BYT &11List Number 3  8.4` <DL!8        >4X` hp x (#>  BVT &12List Number 4  5+ ` <DL!5        >4X` hp x (#>  BVT &13List Number 5  5+  <DL!5        >4X` hp x (#>  8 ,macromacro  >4l  <\DL!>OC<6X9`("Courier NewTTO        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW>4X` hp x (#>  <6X9`("Courier NewTTX} :Message HeadMessage Header  XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  V! :Normal IndenNormal Indent            T! :Note HeadingNote Heading            L 6Plain TextPlain Text  OC<6X9`("Courier NewTTO        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  L! 6SalutationSalutation            H! 4SignatureSignature            D} 2SubtitleSubtitle  XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  d! :table of auttable of authorities            \! :table of figtable of figures            8 ,TitleTitle     C%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  P 8toa headingtoa heading  XXXC%2A`ArialTTC        W\  `*Times New RomanTTW  8! ,toc 1toc 1            8! ,toc 2toc 2            8! ,toc 3toc 3            8! ,toc 4toc 4            8! ,toc 5toc 5            8! ,toc 6toc 6            8! ,toc 7toc 7            8! ,toc 8toc 8            8! ,toc 9toc 9             dXXXX'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(Y2$ br!  ($    (Y2$ br!  Z][\YE<< c Y ]"  3|x \  `*Times New RomanTTC\  P6QP%2A`ArialTTomanTTXXX2PQXP\  `*Times New RomanTT&&J\  P6Q&P%2A`ArialTTomanTTJ2PQP%2A`ArialTTomanTTB2PQP\  `*Times New RomanTTXXP\  P6QXP\  `*Times New RomanTT6\  P6QP<6X9`("Courier NewTTTTd6X@DQ@%2A`ArialTTomanTT  u2PQ P(>r$HP LaserJet 4/4M PostScript0(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular.)EE$):iU br!  _eu  ??US.,_ThefollowingareexcerptsfromthreepaperspublishedbytheGorsebrookResearchInstituteforAtlanticCanadaStudies,underthetitle: TroubleintheWoods:ForestPolicyandSocialConflictinNovaScotia < andNewBrunswick ,editedbyL.AndersSandberg,AcadiensisPress,Fredericton,NB,1992,ISBN0 T 919107370TheGorsebrookInstituteiscloselyalliedtotheAtlanticCanadaStudiesprogrammeatSaintMarysUniversity,Halifax,NS̄Excerptsfrom&        ????.,    eX XeuForestPolicyinNovaScotia:TheBigLease,CapeBretonIsland,18991960     +b ??.,??.,    ';     eu XeXL.AndersSandbergeX Xeu t  eu XeX (1899LeaseAct)  &v   Inthelate19thcentury,thegovernmentofNovaScotiabegantocastenviousglancesatindustrialforestdevelopmentinOntario,QuebecandNewBrunswickwherelargeareasofCrownforestwereusedtoattractpulpandpapermillsthroughlongtermleasearrangements.InNovaScotia,muchoftheforestlandhadbeensoldoffinfeesimpletosettlersandlumbermen;onlyanestimated1,500,000acresofrelativelypoorqualityanddifficulttoaccessCrownforestremained.Provincialpoliticianslamentedthissituation,butarguedthatifNovaScotiahadaleasesystemsimilarthatofNewBrunswick,therevenueoftheCrownLandOfficecouldincreasefivefold.Inresponsetosucharguments,provincialforestpolicywaschangedin1899.Anewact,intendedtopromoteforestmanagementandraiserevenuefromCrownlands,stipulatedthattimberlandscouldbeleasedfor20years,withanoptionforrenewal,forarentalfeeof40centsperacre.Underthesearrangements,cuttingwaslimitedtotreesatleast10inchesindiameter.Butaspecialprovision,includedtoaccommodatetheburgeoningpulpandpaperindustrypermittedareductionofthediameterlimittofiveinchesuponpaymentofanadditional10centsperacre.̀Nostumpagefeeswerechargedfortreescut,anomissioncriticisedalmostfromtheinceptionoftheAct.Yetdespitesuchgenerousterms,whentheChiefForesterofNovaScotiareviewedthesysteminthemid1920s,hefoundthatthediameterlimitsonCrownleaseswerenotenforced,lesseesdisregardedthem,andtherentwasconsequentlyridiculouslysmall.Andalthoughtheannualrentalfeewasincreasedovertheyears,onelaterUS??.,Ԁobserverconcludedthat,whetherjudgedonaconservationorarevenuebasis,theactwasashortsightedandcostlyblunder.Nevertheless,the1899LeaseActconstitutedthebeginningofaprovincialpolicytowardpulpandpaperindustrydevelopment.Themostsignificantclauseinthisregardofferedevenmoregeneroustermstolesseesinterestedinmarginaltimberlandandtothosewhowerepreparedtoimproveandbuildmanufacturingfacilities.Thisclausewasinsertedtoallowtheleaseoftheonlyextensive,contiguousblockofCrownlandleftintheprovince,thesocalledBigLease,coveringabout620,000acres,locatedinthecountiesofInvernessandVictoriaonCapeBretonIsland,toagroupofNewEnglandfinanciersforaperiodof30years.Inreturn,thelesseesagreedtopayanannualrentalof$6,000,tobuildtwopulpmills,expending$10,000oneachwithintwoyears,andtorefrainfromexportingunmanufacturedwood.If,afterfouryears,twopulpmills,eachwithadailycapacityofatleast50tonshadnotbeenestablished,theleasewouldbevoid.8 TheCapeBretonPulpCompany:  *6&1         8Itwasgenerallyknown,however,thatFrankJohnDixieBarnjum,anindustrialpromoterandoperator,whowouldlaterbecomeaselfstyledforestconservationist,wastheleadingplayerintheconsortium.BarnjumcontrolledtwoindustrialventuresinVictoriaandInvernesscounties,theNorthAmericanPaperandLumberCompany,whichhadbeengrantedtheBigLease,andtheNorthRiverLumberCompany, -N)5 _whichowned8,000acresofforestlandsinthearea. 8(In1915)theBigLeasewasassignedtotheCapeBretonPulpCompanyLimited,whichhadbeenformedin1913byamergeroftheNorthAmericanPulpCompanyandtheNorthRiverLumberCompany.b        8InJanuary1917,Barnjumfinallysucceededinsellingthelease,realizingacommissionestimatedat$1.5million,250yearsworthofrentalfeesat$6,000peryear!Thepurchasers,HughJ.ChisholmandhiswifeSarah,soldit,laterinthesameday,totheCapeBretonPulpandPaperCompanyofwhichHughwaspresident.InApril1920,theBigLeasechangedhandsforthelasttimewhentheCapeBretonPulpandPaperCompanywassoldtotheOxfordPaperCompany,overwhichHughChisholmalsopresided.Oxfordretainedtheleaseuntilitwasboughtbackbythegovernmentin1957.BypeddlingtheleasebetweentheCapeBretonPulpandPaperCompanyandtheOxfordPaperCompany,HughJ.Chisholmalsorealizedahandsomepersonalprofit,receiving3,000,000commonshares,$500,000inbondsand$651,996incash.And,throughthesefinancialtransactions,theprovincerealizeditsownobjectiveofsellingtheBigLeasetoalargeAmericanpulpandpapercompany.  TheDepartmentofLandsandForests:  &  Afterover44yearsofLiberalrule,theConservativegovernmentofE.N.Rhodesgainedofficein19258In1926,thenewgovernmentmergedtheDepartmentofCrownLandswiththeDepartmentofForestsandGametoformtheDepartmentofLandsandForests.Ironically,F.J.D.Barnjum,whohadswitchedpartyaffiliationsandwasnowaConservativeMLA,hadamajorinfluenceonthenewdepartment.BarnjumwasinstrumentalintheappointmentofOttoSchierbeck,whomhehadpreviouslyemployedasapublicforesterforNovaScotia,asChiefForesteroftheDepartmentofLandsandForestsandintheappointmentofW.L.Hall,legalrepresentativeforhisownextensivetimberholdingsandaformerleaderoftheConservativeparty,asMinisterofLandsandForests.Onceestablished,thenewdepartmentfacedtwomajorandconflictingobjectives:ontheonehand,howtoremedytheshortfallsofpastforestpolicies,and,ontheother,howtoattractwoodproducingindustriestotheprovince.HallandSchierbeck,withBarnjumssupport,becameardentopponentsoftheBigLease.SchierbeckarguedthatnotonlywerethelargerprovincialfreeholdsandCrownleasesheldbyUnitedStatescorporations,butalsothattheywere,inmostcases,idle,keptbytheCompanyasareserve. TheMerseyPaperCompany:  p   8Uponitselectionin1925,thenewgovernmentwasdeluged withproposalsforpulpandpaperindustry 6! development.LocalaswellasinternationalpromoterssoughtguaranteedaccesstopulpwoodfromtheprovincesCrownlands,but,giventheverylimitedamountofCrownlandsavailable,onlyoneenterprisecouldbeconsidered.ThesuccessfulbidderwastheRoyalSecuritiesCorporation.I.W.Killam,thecompanysmajorinvestor,startedbuildingtheMerseyPaperCompanysnewsprintmillatLiverpoolin1928.Thecompany,whichreceivedgenerousconcessionsinthesupplyofpowertothemill,wasguaranteed1,000,000cordsofpulpwood,ataninitialrateof$1percordstumpage,fromselectedCrownlandsinGuysboroughCountyandonCapeBretonIsland.Hugh J.Chisholm,theholderoftheBigLease, #( andoneoftheunsuccessfulbidders,expressednohardfeelings. CapeBretonHighlandsNationalPark:  %J!+  In1914,agroupofprominentcitizenshadbegunlobbyingfortheestablishmentofafederalparkinNovaScotia.Theyear1928broughtthefirstproposalthatanationalparkbeestablishedonCapeBretonIsland,butplansweresuspendedin1932becauseofthetroubledfinancesofthefederalgovernment.ByJanuary1934,theYarmouthFishandGameProtectiveAssociation,headedbySeymourBakerandsupportedbyotherconservationmindedorganizations,rekindledthelobbyforanationalparkinNovaScotia.TheMinistryofInteriorsponsoredaseriesoftalksontheadvantagesofnationalparksinseveralcitiesandtownsinNovaScotia.InMay1934,PremierAngusMacDonaldrequestedthattheministryinspectareassuitableforapark;threeareaswerechosenandaCapeBretonsitewasrecommendedandagreeduponinFebruary1935. -)5 In1936,thefederalgovernmentandtheprovincenegotiatedtheboundariesandtheareadelineatedforparkpurposesincludedCrownlandsunderthetermsoftheBigLeaseandsome300privateholdings,including70homes.TheexpropriationofpartoftheBigLeasewasnotamerematterofpassingOrdersinCouncil.TheOxfordPaperCompanyengagedexpertstocruisethepropertytodeterminethepotentialfinanciallosswhichwouldbecausedbytheexpropriation.BasedonforestinventoriesprovidedbythereputableMaineforesterandcruiser,JamesSewall,anditsowncalculations,thecompanyclaimedcompensationamountingtoafantastic$10.17peracre.Inresponse,theprovincialDepartmentofLandsandForestsengageditsownexpertstocheckthecompanysfigures.Thereleasewassettledin1940aftersixweeksincourt,presidedoverbyJudgeJohnDoull,themanwhohad,inhispreviouscapacityasLandsandForestsMinister,renewedtheBigLeasein1933.Theexpropriatedareawas178,648acres,alittlelessthanonethirdtheoriginallease.Thesettlementwas$398,500,ofwhich$346,500wasforlandsexpropriatedand$52,000forlandsinjuriouslyaffected.Thecompensationtranslatedintoapriceof$2.23peracre,farfromtheamountrequestedbytheOxfordPaperCompany.ButatatimewhentheDepartmentofLandsandForestswaschargedtobuybackCrownlandsfornomorethan25centsperacre,itwasaverygoodprice. TheOxfordPaperCompanyBuyback:  `          In1956,after23yearsofLiberalrule,theConservatives,underRobertStanfield,gainedpowerinNovaScotia8Thepreviousgovernmenthadfailedtoenticeapulpandpapercompanytoestablishamillintheprovince.AndthepromotionofindustrialdevelopmenthadbeenakeyplankintheConservativeelectionplatform.Determinedtodosomethingfortheprovince,thegovernmentdecidedtopursueaSwedishpulpcompany,StoraKopparberg(hereafterStora),oneofseveralcompanieswhichhadalreadybeenapproachedbythepreviousgovernment.Butifthiseffortwastobesuccessful,amajortractofCrownlandhadtobemadeavailableforleasetotheStoraventure.ThegovernmentbuybackprogrammeofCrownlands,begunsocautiouslyinthe1930s,had,by1957,resultedintherecoveryofalmost25percentoftheprovincesforestlands.*b        Theungrantedportionsoftheselands,however,werestillnotsufficient.TheBigLeasewasanobviousadditionalsource.Thegovernmentnowplayedanactiveroleinrepossessingthe1ease.NegotiationswiththeOxfordPaperCompany,initiatedinMarch1957,wereconcludedinMayofthatyear.AlthoughStoraspromoterandtheprovincialofficialshadkepttheirnegotiationssecretinordernottoaffectthenegotiationswithOxford,thedesiretoattractStoraplacedthegovernmentunderconsiderablepoliticalpressuretosettlewithOxford.Thedifferencebetweenthe1940expropriationagreementandthe1957negotiatedsettlementreflectsthatpressure;in1940thegovernmentpaid$5.84peracrewhilein1957theratewas$12.02peracre,despitetheelapseofafurther17yearsonthelease.WhenthegovernmentreportedtothelocallegislaturethattheyhadagreedtopaytheOxfordPaperCompany$3,750,000,theyfacedstrongcriticism.Inresponse,PremierStanfieldechoedanowfamiliartheme:Wetookthepositionfromthestart...thatitwasessentialtothegoodnameandgoodreputationoftheprovinceofNovaScotiathatwemustregardanyrightsoftheOxfordPaperCompanyaslegalrightswhichcouldbeterminatedormodifiedonlybyagreement,orundertheprovisions...ofourlawwhichrelatestopropertyrightsinNovaScotia. StoraKopparberg:  ,%| * InJuly1957,KarlClauson,thesalesrepresentativeoftheStoraKopparbergCorporationinNewYork,formedtheNovaScotiaPulpLimited(NSP).Thecompanywascapitalizedat$2,000CanadianandwhollyownedbyClauson,whoactedbothasChairmanoftheBoardandPresident.ClausonssolicitorsinNovaScotia,ArthurGordonCooperandHectorMcInnes,werealsopartnersinNSP.NSPandtheNovaScotiagovernmentsignedtheNovaScotiaPulpLimitedAgreement,1easing1millionacres(520,000ha)ofCrownlandsonCapeBretonIslandandthethreeeasterncountiesofPictou,AntigonishandGuysboroughtothecompany.TheagreementwasremarkableinthatStoramadenoformalcommitmenttobuildapulpmillinNovaScotiauntilJuly1959,whenthecompanytookoverNSP.BythattimeClausonhadwrestedseveralconcessionsfromthegovernment.Cooper,servingasmediator,formulatedtheagreement,virtuallyrewritingthetaxlawsofNovaScotiainresponsetoClausonsrequests.Stumpageratesweresetal$1percord,thesamerategiventheMerseyCompany30yearsearlier,and$2percordlessthanClausonhad -(5 beenpreparedtopay.Thegovernmentalsoacquireda323acre(131ha)siteforthemillandundertook,atacostof$30,000,tocarryoutspecialsurveysforNSP.SpendingundertheprovisionsoftheNovaScotiaPulpLimitedAgreementActexceeded$2.27millionfrom1959to1962.Theassuranceoftransferabilityofthenewleasewasanotherfeaturewhichthegovernmentapproved.ThepremierconsideredhimselfforcedtocomplywiththisconcessiontoStora:Itseemstomeitsgoingquiteadistance,butthesolicitorsofthemortgageeareinsistentthattheprovisionisessential.ThepremiersmajorconcernduringthisperiodwastosecureacommitmentfromStoraandthecontentoftheagreementseemedsecondary.Theoppositionpredictedthatthetypeofagreement,asregardstotheprice,whichwasnegotiatedwithNSPwillbeamillstoneaboutthenecksofthepeopleofNovaScotiaformanyyearstocome,andwillservetodepress,notonlythepricereceivedforpulpwoodofftheCrownlandsoftheprovince,butbyanalogyoffthelandsownedbysmallwoodlotownersintheprovince,for30yearstocome,becausethatsthedurationoftheagreement. GovernmentTimidity:    Throughoutitshistory,then,governmenttimidityandextremedependenceonbusinesscolouredthechangingtermsandconditionsoftheBigLease.Yetthepropertyrightsoftheleaseholderscouldhavebeenchangedormodified.Atvarioustimeslocalcompaniescalledupontheirgovernmenttomaketheforeignabsenteepulpandpapercompaniesworktheiridleleasesandfreeholds.ChiefForesterSchierbeckspolicyproposalsinthe1920ssimilarlychallengedsuchpropertyrights.TheestablishmentoftheCapeBretonHighlandsNationalParkshowedthatexpropriationcouldbeinvoked.Inadifferentcontext,ConservativeMPJohnHaggartstressedthatgovernmentshadthelegalpowertointerferewithexisting,almostperpetualleases;thequestionofwhetherornottousethepowerwassolelyamorallissue.Othercountries,andevenotherprovinces,hadintroducedeffectiveforestmanagementlegislationtoregulatebothprivateandpublicforests.InNovaScotia,bycontrast,accommodationratherthanchallengecharacterizedgovernmentresponsetothedemandsofleaseholders8and(was)overshadowedbytheestablishmentoftheMerseyPaperCompanyin1928,whichsignifiedaneweraofstatesupportthroughsteppedupconcessionsintheforestindustry.Merseyreceivedconcessionsinthesupplyofpowerandguaranteesof1,000,000cordsofpulpwoodfromCrownlands.Atthetime,theimportanceofCrownreservesinattractingforeignpulpmillstotheprovincereachednewheights,astheprovincebarelypossessedenoughCrownlandstoaccommodateMersey.InMerseyswake,thegovernmentembarkedonaprogrammeofbuyingbackCrownlandsasafuturelocationalincentivetoforeignpulpandpapercompanies.In1957,thebuybackoftheBigLeasebyanewlyelectedprovincialConservativegovernment,anditsreissuealongwithanadditional341,252haofCrownlands,signifiedyetanotherstageintheprovincesquestfor pulpand # paperindustrydevelopment.̄??US.,Excerptsfrom&        ????.,    eX XeuThePoliticsofPulpwoodMarketinginNovaScotia,19601985 pF  0% * Fod, ??.,??.,    '0% F     eu XeXPeterClancy &l!+  UnfairCompetition:  n(#. US??., 8AspartofadealtosecureanewpulpmillatPortHawkesbury,theprovincehadleased1.3millionacres(520,000ha)ofCrownlandstoNovaScotiaPulpLtd.,asubsidiaryoftheSwedishforestgiantStoraKopparberg.Theleasecalledforaverylowstumpagerateof$1percord.Thiscarriedseriouspricingandsupplyimplicationsforsmallprivatepulpwoodproducers,whowerethemostsignificantsourceofwood.ItraisedtheprospectthatcheapCrownstumpagewouldsettheceilingforprivatestumpagesalesandforcedowntheroadsidepricesforprivatelycutpulpwood.Thusittriggeredacampaignbysomesmallwoodlotowners,onfarmandoff,whoactedinanticipationoftheunfaircompetitivesituationthatwoulddevelop -()5 asaresultoftheprovincialgovernmentsdecisiontomakeavailabletoNSFI[Stora]allCrownlandsineasternNovaScotiaonaleasebasis.Thisappraisalprovedtoberemarkablyprescient.Subsequenteventsconfirmedthatthewoodlotownerswerebattlingthegovernmentstimberandindustrialpoliciesasmuchastheywerebattlingthepulpandpapercompanies.^_M=9z X  p @ H@E     ??US.,Excerptsfrom&        ????.,    eX XeuThePoliticalEconomyofNovaScotiasForestImprovementAct,19621986 M     IMod, ??.,??.,    ' YM     eu XeXGlynBissixandL.AndersSandberg     GovernmentSubsidies:            US??., 8ThevulnerabilityoftheprovincialgovernmentinsolicitingforeigntransnationalsiswellillustratedinthecomingoftheSwedishpulpandpapercompanyStoraKopparbergAB(Stora)toNovaScotiainthelate1950s,andScottPaperin1965.InthecaseofStora,thegovernmentfailedtocheckthecredentialsofitsallegednegotiators;itprovidedextensiveCrownleases,totalling1,283,948acres(increasedby197,530acresin1969),forthesamesturnpagerateschargedBowaterMerseyinthelate1920s;itawardedsubsidiesandgrantsinallphasesoftheconstructionofthemill;anditflauntedtheoppositiontoStorabythesawmillsectorandBowaterMersey.\Ohem        ScottMaritimesenjoyedtaxholidaysonitspulpmillsiteandextensivefreeholds.ThecompanyreceivedaCrownleaseofsomeofthefineststandsoftimberinNovaScotia,230,000acres ineasternHalifax y County.Theprovincialgovernmentalsopromisedtopickuptheexpensefortreatingtheeffluentproduceddailyatthepulpmill.Thefederalgovernmentcontributed$5millionandafiveyearincometaxholiday. RevisingForestInventories:  [  8AnintegralpartoftheuseofCrownleasestoattractpulpandpapercompaniestotheprovincewasthemanipulationofforestinventories.OnepreconditionfortheestablishmentofnewpulpmillswasdocumentationthattheNovaScotiaforestcouldsupportadditionalpulpmills.SeniorcivilservantsintheDLFwerereluctanttogivesuchassurances.Insupport,theyreferredtothewoodscarcitiesforecastedinarecentlypublishedforestinventory.ԀBowaterMersey,fearingcompetition,supportedthepositionofforestscarcity.AsaresulttherewerepowerfulforcesarguingthatNovaScotiasforestscouldnotsustainasecond,letaloneathird,majorpulpmill.Theprovincialgovernment,however,turnedscarcityintoplenty.PremierStanfieldinstructedLandsandForestsMinisterHaliburtontogetthosepeopleofyoursthickassweatdowntothe[Hotel]NovaScotianandlockemupuntiltheycomeupwithananswer.G.I.(Ike)Smith,theMinisterofTradeandCommerce,playedanimportantpartinthemeeting.AccordingtoHaliburton,itwasSmith,alawyerbyprofession,whoforcedthedepartmentalpersonneltoconcedethattherewasenoughwoodtosupportasecondpulpmill.TherevisedforestinventoriesweresubsequentlydubbedG.I.Smithsnewforest,pointingtothestronggovernmentbiasinfavourofpulpindustrydevelopment.TheDepartmentofTradeandCommerceclearlyprevailedoverLandsandForests.In1964,ontheeveoftheestablishmentoftheScottPaperpulpmillatAbercrombieinPictouCounty,asimilarrevisionofforestinventorieswasmade.TheDLFreexamineditsrecordsandincreasedtheallowableannualcutfrom1,375thousandto2,400thousandroughcords,anincreaseofabout74percent.Then,in1969,whenStoraexpandeditssulphitemillfrom135,000to175,000tonsperyear,installeda160,000tonnewsprintfacility,andconcludedanewmanagementagreement,coveringanextra200,000acresofCrownlands,theannualallowablecutwasincreasedfrom12to25cubicfeetperacresperyear._ -;)5 Projectedforestscarcities,revisedinventoriesandincreasedallowablecutsheightenedtheconcernforforestmanagement.TheMinisterofLandsandForestsputitwell:theresgeneralagreementthatwiththenewdemandsinourforestindustryasaconsequenceoftheestablishmentofalargenewpulpmillinPictou(ScottMaritimes),andtheexpansionandmodernizationofmanysawmills,thatamorepositivepolicytowardsplanningandsafeguardingfuturesuppliesmustbeadopted,otherwisethefutureofourforestindustryisbleak.Itwasinthecontextofmajorpulpandpaperindustrydevelopment,projectedforestscarcitiesandin_flated_Ԁforestinventoriesthatamajordebateemergedwithrespecttoprovincialforestlegislationinthelate1950s.  TheSmallTreeActand_Clearcutting_ԀPolicies:   H          8TheSmallTreeAct(_STA_)wasenactedin1942andrevisedin1946todealwiththeunprecedenteddemandandindiscriminatecutsof_sawlogs_ԀduringtheSecondWorldWar.Itwasenforcedonalimitedscalefrom1947to1962.The_STA_Ԁprovidedadiameterrestrictionofteninchesonthefellingofthreetargetedspecies:hemlock,pine,andspruce.Theactprovidedsomeprotectionfromwidespreadandindiscriminate_clearcutting_Ԁ(andthushelpedtopreserve_sawlogs_Ԁotherwisedestinedforthepulpmills)andsomeeducationalvaluebypairinggovernmentforestersand_woodlot_Ԁownerstogetherinthewoods,butitsoveralleffectwaslimited. 8Paralleltotheconcernofboostingproductionandmanagementonsmallprivate_wooodlands_,theprovincealsohadtorespondtomountingdemandsforthe_technocentric_Ԁforestmanagementregime.Oneimportantingredientofthisregimewas_clearcutting_.Alreadyinthelate1950s,the_STA_Ԁwasunderpressurefromlandownerswhowantedtopracticeextensive_clearcutting_.TheMinisterofLandsandForestscomplainedthattherequestsfor_clearcutting_Ԁhadbecomeaheavybureaucraticburdeninlightoftheexpansionofthepulpandpaperindustry.Healsoconcededthatapprovalsweregiveninthelargemajorityofcases.Therecordsalsoshowthatthelimitedenforcementofthe_STA_Ԁstoppedcompletelyin1962.In1965,_Bowater_ԀMersey,longunderpressuretoadopt_clearcutting_Ԁfromcorporateheadquarters,resortedto_clearcutting_Ԁentirelyaftertheretirementofitschiefforester,RalphJohnson,anadvocateof_shelterwood_cutting.`hem        Asof1966,ScottMaritimesconfinedmostofitsharvestingpracticesto_clearcutting_.Thepracticeof_clearcutting_Ԁwasanintegralpartofthe_technocentric_Ԁideasofforestmanagementadvocatedby_Stora_.Onecentralfeatureof_Stora_snewplanswasthe_clearcutting_Ԁofmatureandovermaturestandsaswellassocalledsylvanjunk,degradedandcommerciallynonvaluableforests,beforeplantingandtendingmoredesirablespecies. TheNeuteringofLandsandForests:  f$)  8Inthelate1960sandearly1970s,_technocentric_Ԁharvestingandmanagementmethodsincreasedamongthepulpandpapercompaniesandagrowingdependentgroupofcompanycontractors.The_DLF_Ԁwasprofoundlyinfluencedbythistrend.Thiscorrespondedtointernationaltrendsbutwasalsoparalleledbyagenerationalchangewithinthedepartment.Manyoftheforestersofthe softindustrialschoolwhohadenteredtheForestrySchoolasSecondWorldWarveteransandhadoccupiedseniordepartmentalpositionsinthe1960sandearly1970s,retiredandprovidedroomforanewgroupofpulpwoodforestmanagers,morereceptivetotherelativelynew_technocentric_Ԁpositionofforestmanagementadvocatedbythepulpandpapercompanies.Companyandeven_DLF_Ԁforesters,withvirtuallyallCrownlandleasedtothepulpandpapercompanies,ineffectbecame,despiterhetorictothecontrary,employeesandservantsofthepulpcompanies._ -(5  -(5 _??US.,US??.,        Nqhem        _#eun# 4    < _